A. eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories
B. twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees
C. the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers
D. the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was much smaller than that of industrial workers
本题问的是文章隐含的意思,要求读者把脑力劳动的雇员和产业工人人数进行比较。正确答案可以从最后一句找到:做脑力劳动的雇员人数增长其速度之快使得作为工业革命最早的产物的产业工人在人数上与其相形见绌。所以选项D是正确答案。此题要求读懂整个第一段,以便有信心地排除其他三个选项。这一段说到当今美国社会中5个人中只有1人不是雇员,即80%的人是受雇佣为他人干活。但问题问的是50年前的情况。选项A用当前的统计比例回答50年前的状况,因此是错误的。选项B也是误解,文章提到50年前1/5的人被雇佣,是一个总体的比例,不能类推出说20%的美国知识分子是雇员。选项C认为劳动大军中脑力劳动者和产业工人的比例一样高。这显然没有看懂文章的最后~句,产业工人是工业革命的最早产物。
例3
What does a scientist do when he or she explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and deduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response -- fear.
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