7.The Economic Environment

　　7、经济环境

　　8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doing business in other countries. One of the first is understanding the type of economic system under which the country operates. The two major types are a market economy and a command economy. A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. In actuality,no economy is purely market or command. For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control. The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based. Then theres China,a country thats more command based,but is moving to be more market-based. Why would managers need to know about a countrys economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions. Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.

　　8、全球管理者在其它国家开展业务必须了解一些经济因素。首先，要知道所在国家的经济体制类型。两种主要的经济体制是：市场经济和计划经济。在市场经济中，资源主要是由私营企业所掌握和控制。在计划经济中，经济决策由中央政府决定。事实上，没有一种经济是纯市场或纯计划的。例如，英美两国都处在市场经济的一端，但是他们还有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鲜的经济在更大程度上以控制为基础。还有中国，这个国家正从偏重以计划为基础向偏重以市场为基础转化。为什么管理者必须了解一个国家经济体制的情况呢?因为这可能会约束他们的决策和行为。管理者必须了解的其它经济因素包括汇率、通货膨胀和不同的税收政策。

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