35 buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced
by pressure from outside; its rules are the direct
expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward
the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic law,
on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and
40 state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism,
an alien power but the political expression of the same
religion. But the conflict between state and religion took
different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle
for political power on the part of a tightly organized
45 ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its
political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was
never supported by an organized institution; consequently,
there never developed an overt trial of strength. There
merely existed discordance between application of the
50 sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic
states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
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