The relation between a clouds charge distribution and its voltage

　　18. The passage suggests that lightning bolts typically

　　 produce a distribution of charges called a positive dipole in the clouds where they originate

　　 result in the movement of negative charges to the centers of the clouds where they originate

　　 result in the suspension of large, positively charged raindrops at the tops of the clouds where they originate

　　 originate in clouds that have large numbers of negatively charged droplets in their upper regions

　　 originate in clouds in which the positive and negative charges are not uniformly distributed

　　19. According to the passage, Benjamin Franklin contributed to the scientific study of lightning by

　　 testing a theory proposed earlier, showing it to be false, and developing an alternative, far more successful theory of his own

　　 making an important discovery that is still important for scientific investigations of lightning

　　 introducing a hypothesis that, though recently shown to be false, proved to be a useful source of insights for scientists studying lightning

　　 developing a technique that has enabled scientists to measure more precisely the phenomena that affect the strength and location of lightning bolts

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