Computer simulations of supernovas provide a poor picture of what occurs just before a supernova explosion.
A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star.
20. The authors attitude toward the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure can best be described as
euphoric
enthusiastic
concerned
critical
disputatious
The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us that the status of Black people down to the 1660s was that of servants. A critique of the Handlins interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.
The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servants position was improving during and after the 1660 several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited statusthe two attributes of true slaveryyet in other cases it included both. The Handlins argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.
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