In sum, Gutmans study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves achievements, one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.

　　20. According to the passage, Fogel, Engerman, Genovese, and Gutman have all done which of the following?

　　I. Discounted the influence of plantation owners on slaves achievements.

　　II. Emphasized the achievements of slaves.

　　III. Pointed out the prevalence of the two-parent household among slaves.

　　IV. Showed the connection between stable monogamy and slaves cultural heritage.

　　 I and II only

　　 I and IV only

　　 II and III only

　　 I, III, and IV only

　　 II, III, and IV only

　　21. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

　　 Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.

　　 Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.

　　 Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.

　　 Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.

　　 Historians ought to draw on earlier historical research but they should do so in order to refute it.

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