4.It was not the change in office technology,but rather the separationof secretarial work,previously seen as an apprenticeship forbeginning managers,from administrative work that in the 1880s createda new class of dead-end jobs,thenceforth considered womens work.
十九世纪八十年代,产生了新的一类没前途的职业,这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变,而是由于秘书工作在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练与行政工作的分离。自此以后,这类没前途的职业便被视作是女人的工作。
5.The increase in the numbers of married women employed outsidethe home in the twentieth century had less to do with themechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for thesewomen than it did with their own economic necessity and with highmarriage rates that shrank the available pool of single womenworkers,previously,in many cases,the only women employers would hire.
二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加,这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多大联系,更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减,而在此之前的许多情形中,单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一-一类妇女。
6.In order to understand the nature of the ecologistsinvestigation,we may think of the density-dependent effects on growthparameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolateandinterpret,one that tends to make the population increase fromrelatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones,while thedensity-independent effects act to produce noise in the populationdynamics.
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