主题段落Since the early 1970s, historians have begun to devote serious2Aattention to the working class in the United States. Yet while we now have studies of working-class communities and culture, we know remarkably little of worklessness. When historians have paid any attention at all to unemployment, they have focused on the 经济大萧条 of the 1930s. The narrownessof this perspective ignores the 无所不在,弥漫 recessions and joblessness of the previous decades, as Alexander Keyssar shows in his recent book. Examining the period 1870-1920, Keyssar concentrates on Massachusetts, where8D the historical3D materials are particularly rich, and the findings applicable to other industrial areas3D.
K的成果之一:失业的严重程度The unemployment rates that Keyssar calculates appear to be relatively modest, at least by Great Depression5 standards: during the worst years, in the 1870s and 1890s4A, unemployment was around 15 percent. Yet Keyssar rightly understands that a better way4B to measure the impact of unemployment is to calculate unemployment frequencies―measuring the percentage of workers who experience any unemployment in the course of a year. Given this perspective, joblessness 隐约呈现 much .
Keyssar also另一个研究成果:影响事业的因素 scrutinizes unemployment patterns according to skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class, and gender. He finds that rates of joblessness differed primarily according to 因素一class6: those in middle-class and white-collar occupations were far less likely to be unemployed. Yet the impact of unemployment on a specific class was not always the same. Even when dependent on the same 行业, 因素二6相邻地区 could have dramatically different unemployment rates. Keyssar uses these differential rates to help explain a phenomenon that has puzzled historians―the startlingly high rate of geographical mobility in the nineteenth-century United States. But mobility was not the dominant working-class strategy for coping with unemployment, nor was assistance from private charities or state agencies. 自己雇用自己 and the help of kin got most workers through jobless 一段时间.
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