论证性文字一定是以论证为特点,这特点及于文章的各个层面:篇章-段落-句子-单词。篇章由多个论点组成,论点由作为论据的句子构成,句子本身 的典型构成是前后场由表示论证关系的词汇连接,体现论证的意义的单词最重要。要真懂得文章,必须把所有那些表现论证的字词句抓出,而这却恰好是过去所有阅 读方法都忽略的。
关联词和广义的关联成分,经过GRE的反复宣传,已经获得众所周知的重要性,在此不论。但是,单纯的关联词也可能组成没有新鲜内容的堆砌文章, 于是内容上的关联成为必要,这靠论证形式,也就是,我们要看一个论点是如何展开的,或说文章是如何结构或论证的。
对一个论点而言,论证的方式是分角度;但不是所有论点都可以分角度,那些不容易分角度的,论点按照其自身潜在包含的内容展开,由此有差异、正、 反三类关系,每种关系的论证都相对模式化。这样,我们就可以懂得文章每句话在论证上的作用,无须完全依赖对文章各句所涉专业知识的了解。下面以例为证。
Paule Marshalls Brown Girl, Brownstones was a landmarkin the depiction of female characters in Black American literature.Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict withWhite society that had been typical of the protest novels of the earlytwentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurstonand Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Blackwomans search for identity within the context of a Black community.But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun byHurston and Brooks by depicting her heroines development in terms ofthe relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and byexploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrantculture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of WhiteAmerica. By placing characters within a wider cultural context,Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way forexplorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970s.
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