Literary salons were originally intended to be a meeting ground for intellectuals of both sexes, but eventually became social gatherings with little educational value.

　　In England, as in France, the general prejudice against higher education for women limited women s function in literary salons to a primarily social one.

　　The literary salons provided a sounding board for French and English women who called for access to all the educational institutions in their societies on an equal basis with men.

　　For women, who did not have access to higher education as men did, literary salons provided an alternate route to learning and a challenge to some of society s basic assumptions about women.

　　18. According to the passage, a significant distinction between the salonnieres and Bluestockings was in the way each group regarded which of the following?

　　The value of acquiring knowledge

　　The role of pleasure in the activities of the literary salon

　　The desirability of a complete break with societal traditions

　　The inclusion of women of different backgrounds in the salons

　　The attainment of full social and political equality with men

　　19. The author refers to differences in social background between salonnieres and Bluestockings in order to do which of the following?

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