This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialist thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They pose the clash of national cultures as an absolute polarity, with each culture understood as static and undifferentiated. Yet both the Puerto Rican and North American traditions have been subject to constant challenge from cultural forces within their own societies, forces that may move toward each other in ways that cannot be written off as mere assimilation. Consider, for example, the indigenous and Afro-Caribbean traditions in Puerto Rican culture and how they influence and are influenced by other Caribbean cultures and Black cultures in the United States. The elements of coercion and inequality, so central to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework play no role in this kind of convergence of racially and ethnically different elements of the same social class.

　　21. The author s main purpose is to

　　criticize the emphasis on social standing in discussions of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States

　　support the thesis that assimilation has not been a benign process for Puerto Ricans

　　defend a view of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans that emphasizes the preservation of national culture

　　indicate deficiencies in two schools of thought on the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States

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