史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳于十九世纪九十年代著述道,美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满,由于国内边远地区的封闭而更趋加剧 亦即是说,美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。
36. In the early 1950 s,historians who studied preindustrial Europe began,for the first time in large numbers,to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite:the kings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
二十世纪五十年代早期,研究前工业化时代欧洲的史学家,首次以众多的人数,开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数,而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口,即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵,而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories,which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
象勒罗伊。拉迪里一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史来,阐明了不同社会群体的态度,并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。
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