○D The status of philosophy as an independent intellectual pursuit is a relatively recent development.

　　○E The role of philosophy in guiding intellectual speculation has gradually been usurped by science. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　6. The author of the passage implies which of the following in discussing the development of philosophy during the nineteenth century EXCEPT?

　　□A Nineteenth-century philosophy took science as its model for understanding the bases of knowledge.

　　□B Nineteenth-century philosophers carried out a program of investigation explicitly laid out by Descartes and Spinoza.

　　□C Kant had an overwhelming impact on the direction of nineteenth-century philosophy.

　　7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author characterizes Descartes support for the new science of the seventeenth century. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　8. With which of the following statements concerning the writing of history would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

　　□A History should not be distorted by attributing present-day consciousness to historical figures.

　　□B History should be concerned with describing those aspects of the past that differ most from those of the present.

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