D.急于概括类错误: 论者认为感冒是旷工旷课最常用的理由, 所以减少感冒也就是减少旷工旷课的好办法。但是论者没有提供资料有多少旷工旷课的人是因为感冒, 还是以感冒为借口。我们都知道身体不舒服是最容易请到假的, 另外Ichthaid有没有副作用, 论者也没有提供资料。如果说感冒减少后, 人们改用其他的借口, 或是患肠胃病的人又多了, 这就显然不是一个好办法。
让步式攻击:首先,攻击原文第一个错误,例如是调查类错误,攻击其调查过程、调查数据是否具有代表性等等。
然后,在攻击第二个错误时,假定上面的调查即便是在没有错误的情况下进行的,也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断,言外之意就是何况这个调查还是有错误的。
最后,在攻击第三个错误时,假定第二个问题也是成立的(没有错误),也无法导出第三个论断。这样一种让步式的体系,到最后就彻底驳斥了原文的整个逻辑体系,让原文的逻辑无法成立,题目最后的结论自然就成为了空中楼阁。
下面我们拿Argument38题来做一个讲解
Argument 38
The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism.
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