GRE作文备考资料：行动_GRE写作

GRE作文备考资料：行动

　　行动理论

　　Action theory concerned with theories about the processes causing intentional human bodily movements of more or less complex kind.

　　Basic action theory typically describes action as behavior caused by an agent in a particular situation. The agent?s desires and beliefs lead to bodily behavior . In the simple theory, the desire and belief jointly cause the action. We should take the concept of intention as basic and not analyzable into beliefs and desires.

　　行为的回报和强化

　　A reward, tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action with the intent to cause the behavior to occur again. This is done by associating positive meaning to the behavior. Studies show that if the person receives the reward immediately, the effect would be greater, and decreases as duration lengthens. Repetitive action-reward combination can cause the action to become habit.

　　Rewards can also be organized as extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic rewards are external to the person; for example, praise or money. Intrinsic rewards are internal to the person; for example, satisfaction or accomplishment.

　　Some authors distinguish between two forms of intrinsic motivation: one based on enjoyment, the other on obligation. In this context, obligation refers to motivation based on what an individual thinks ought to be done. For instance, a feeling of responsibility for a mission may lead to helping others beyond what is easily observable, rewarded, or fun.