1. counterproductive adj.产生相反效果的

　　e.g. It is counterproductive to be too tough: it just makes the staff resentful.

　　e.g. Although the speaker overlooks certain circumstances in which undueskepticism might be counterproductive, and even harmful, on balance I agree thatwe should not passively accept whatever is passed off as fact; otherwise, human knowledge would never advance.

　　2. seminal adj.萌芽的，潜在的;开创性的;有重大影响的

　　e.g. in the seminal state || seminal thoughts || seminal principle

　　e.g. a seminal book/poet || This experiment was to have a seminal influence on his own political development.

　　3. forgo v.放弃

　　4. intuition n.直觉

　　5. satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的;为寻找正当理由

　　e.g. Such action can be justified on the grounds of greater efficiency.

　　e.g. In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically justify assisting large cities for the purpose of either promoting or preserving the nations cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends.

　　6. resort to 诉诸

　　e.g. no necessity to resort to violent actions such as demonstration, riot or rebel.

　　conduce

　　7. hinge on 以为转移，靠转动

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