1939-1945:World War II
World War II involved every major power in the world and was the costliest war in history. The conflict resulted from the rise of totalitarian, militaristic regimes after World War I. Modern methods of warfare, including the first use of nuclear weapons--together with Germanys attempt to exterminate entire religious and ethnic groups -- killed tens of millions. Political consequences included the reduction of Britain and France to powers of lesser rank, the birth of the United Nations, and the beginning of the Cold War.
1095-1192: Crusades
The Crusades, profoundly altering European history, were a series of attacks organized by Western Christians in order to take control of the holy city of Jerusalem from Muslim powers. Although they generally failed in their chief purpose, the Crusades exercised an immense influence on Western civilization by bringing the West into closer contact with new ways of living and thinking--stimulating commerce, giving fresh impetus to literature and invention, and increasing geographical knowledge.
1799-1815: Napoleonic Wars
With Napoleon in a position of absolute power, France fought the shifting alliances of other European nations for territory. France enjoyed a short domination over most of Europe, during which Napoleon instituted many administrative and legal reforms. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleons empire disintegrated, stimulating movements for national unification.
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