to substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out that
in addition, the arguer assumes that / reasons that / cites the example of / cites the result of a recent study that
a careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.
二.论证驳斥部分
first of all, the argument is based on a false analogy. / the arguer simply assumes that but he does not provide any evidence that are indeed comparable. / as we know, differ conspicuously. / it is true that both but even here exist fundamental differences: / therefore, even thoughproved effective in doing there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for// as a result, a and b do not establish a warranted analogy. so we cannot safely assume that
the author unfairly assumes that a bears some relation to b. / however, the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case, nor does the author establish a causal relationship between a and b. / it is highly possible that other factors might contribute to the b/change/progress. / for example, it is also likely b just resulted from / lacking evidence that links a to b, it is presumptuous to suggest that a was responsible for b. (无法建立必然的因果关系)
the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. / one example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. / based on a specific example of , it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all / in fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / unless it can be shown that is representative of all, the conclusion that is completely unwarranted. (单个事例不能说明整体问题)
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