Perhaps because of the influence of his fathers medical profession, Aristotles philosophy laid its principal stress on biology, in contrast to Platos emphasis on mathematics. Aristotle regarded the world as made up of individuals occurring in fixed natural kinds . Each individual has its built-in specific pattern of development and grows toward proper self-realization as a specimen of its type. Growth, purpose, and direction are thus built into nature. Although science studies general kinds, according to Aristotle, these kinds find their existence in particular individuals.

　　Science and philosophy must therefore balance, not simply choose between, the claims of empiricism and formalism .

　　One of the most distinctive of Aristotles philosophic contributions was a new notion of causality. Each thing or event, he thought, has more than one reason that helps to explain what, why, and where it is. Earlier Greek thinkers had tended to assume that only one sort of cause can be really explanatory; Aristotle proposed four.

　　亚里士多德

　　元前384 年，亚里士多德生于富拉基亚的斯塔基尔希腊移民区。他的父亲是马其顿国王腓力二世的宫廷侍医，所以他的家庭应该属于奴隶主阶级中的中产阶层。亚里士多德于公元前367 年迁居到雅典，曾经学过医学，还在雅典柏拉图学院学习过很多年，是柏拉图学院的积极参加者。

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