the oil price was given another push up this week when iraq suspended oil exports. strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. in most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. in europe, taxes account for up to four_fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy_intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. for each dollar of gdp (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. the oecd estimates in its latest economic outlook that, if oil prices average $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of gdp. that is less than one_quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. on the other hand, oil_importing emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become more energy_intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
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