This is hardly unusual. For most of humanhistory, growth in output and overall economic welfare has been slow andhalting. Over the past two centuries, first in Britain, Europe and America,then elsewhere, it took off. In the 19th century growth in output per persona usefulgeneral measure of an economy s productivity, and a good guide to growth inincomesaccelerated steadily in Britain. By 1906 it was more than 1% a year.By the middle of the 20th century, real output per person in America wasgrowing at a scorching 2.5% a year, a pace at which productivity and incomesdouble once a generation . More than a century of increasinglypowerful and sophisticated machines were obviously a part of that story, as wasthe rising amount of fossil-fuel energy available to drive them.
这是非常正常的。在人类历史的大部分时间里,产出和整体经济福利的增长一直在减慢并且逐渐趋向停滞。在过去的2个世纪中,先是英国、欧洲和美国,然后是其他地方,增长开始起飞。在19世纪时,人均产出增长一个有用的衡量经济体生产力的通用标准,并且是收入增长的有效指标在英国呈稳步加速状态。到1906年,年均经济增长超过1%。到20世纪中叶,美国的人均实际产出以年均2.5%飞速增长,这种速度使生产力和收入在一代人的时间里实现了翻番。这个过程中一个显而易见的事实是,各类机器在一个多世纪的时间里日渐强大和成熟起来,同时,对驱动机器的化石能源的使用量也在增加。
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