The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case ofByzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids onits own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantineresources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize artand literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economicadvances, which in turn led to cultural revival.

　　No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the courseof the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably camefirst. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860s the Byzantine Empire began torecover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with theAbbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empires favor. The beginning of theempires economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally,the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A numberof notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of theeighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasteduntil the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order ofmilitary revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery wasreversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itselfhave influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.

　　1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text?

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