The authors concluded that many reefs in the Caribbean were undergoing a dramatic transformation - changing from colourful realms, bursting with life, to barren habitats, covered in slimy algae.

　　They said the damage had been driven by the loss of some of the reefs key inhabitants.

　　In the 1980s, a disease, thought to have been brought in from the Panama Canal, wiped out a large number of sea urchins. While fishing on the reefs has also caused parrotfish to plummet.

　　Both of these creatures graze on reefs, and without them, algal species take over.

　　Dr Lundin said: We saw that reefs with no grazers ended up getting smothered by algae. And after a period of time they see a significant or even complete collapse of the reef area.

　　He said that if no action was taken, the outlook for Caribbean corals would be bleak.

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