Yet Mr Coase himself recognised life is more complex than theory.
但是科斯本人也意识到现实远比理论复杂。
Neither private bargaining nor a pollution tax can make a market perfectly efficient giventransaction costs like the expense of monitoring a factory s emissions.
如果考虑到像监控工厂排放这样的交易成本,不管是私下解决或者立法征税,都不能使市场最有效。
Mr Coase reckoned the law had a critical economic responsibility: to minimise thedisruptive effect of these costs on markets.
于是科斯想到法律负很大的经济责任:法律能最小化交易成本对市场的负面影响。
A system of clear and easily transferable property rights can play a role like that of thefirm, allowing useful economic activity to take place that might otherwise be gummed up bythe hassle of negotiating and enforcing contracts.
一个清晰并且容易转让的产权体系能扮演一个类似企业这样的角色,它可以保证那些可能被协商跟强加协议弄砸但其实有利可寻的经济活动的正常进行。
His insight revolutionised policy.
科斯这般的洞察力使政策发生了变革。
Tradable emissions permits, which helped eliminate acid rain as an environmental problemin America, are a direct application of his work.
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