在16世纪到18世纪间占据欧洲思想界的重商主义者看来,贫困对社会是有所帮助的。的确,在当时这对穷人来说不啻于一个悲惨的世界。但是,贫困同样确保了充足的廉价劳动力,维持经济引擎不断高速运转。18世纪经济学家兼哲学家的伯纳德?曼德维尔认为贫困表明,在一个不允许有奴隶存在的自由国度里,最可靠的财富蕴藏在无数勤恳的穷人手中。这一观点在当时实属平常。
If poor people were regarded as instrumental in ensuring economic development, thatexplains why there was little appetite for policies to help them leave poverty behind. Whataction there was tended to be palliative in nature. In the 18th century changes to the PoorLaws were designed to stop adverse shocks like failed harvests or bereavements frommaking life even harder for already poor people. Such policies were designed to protect thepoor from the worst deprivations, not to raise them up.
如果穷人被视为确保经济发展的工具,这就解释为什么在当时几乎没有人愿意制定实行帮助穷人脱离贫困的政策了。为消除贫困而采取的任何行动在当时看来根本就是治标不治本的。18世纪,修订《济贫法》的目的便是避免那些业已陷入贫困的人们遭受更悲惨的打击,比如说农作物歉收或遭受丧亲之痛,以免他们的生活更加艰辛。制定此类政策的目的是保护穷人免于陷入彻底的赤贫,而不是帮助他们脱离贫困。
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