None of this presages a full-scale collapse: European banks have more capital than theydidbefore the start of the crisis. But lending is being throttled. As far as the peripheryisconcerned, the ECBs attempts to kickstart growth with ultra-low interest rates is one oftheleast successful central-bank policies of recent times. Loans to non-financialfirmscontracted in May by 4.1% in Italy, 5.0% in Portugal and 9.7% in Spain. Some of that iscausedby the impact of recession. But it also reflects financial fragmentation. Banks instrongcountries are lending less across borders. Lenders in weak countries pay more toborrow thanbanks in strong ones. This divergence ripples through to customers: thedifference in the costof borrowing between German and Spanish firms rose from a mere sixbasis points in summer 2011to 149 basis points earlier this year.
所有的预测,都没表示欧洲银行全军覆没毕竟他们现有的资产比金融危机刚开始时要多。但是贷款却仍受限制。就欧元区边缘而言,ECB试图开始靠超低利率拉动经济增长,然而,这却是央行进来最不成功的政策之一。今年五月,意大利非金融性公司借出的资金减少了4.1%,葡萄牙减少了5.0%,西班牙减少了9.7%。部分是受经济衰退的影响。但是,这也反应了财政的破裂。经济强国的银行向国外贷款的数目减少了。在经济弱国贷款要给的利率比在经济强国的银行贷款更高。这种分歧也波及到了银行客户在2011年,如果公司在德国贷款,需要支付的利率和在西班牙贷款相比,只相差6个基本点;到了今年早些时候,上涨到了149个基本点。
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