对股票的长期信心是基于这样一个理论,投资者在投资有风险的股票时应该得到高额回报,即股票风险溢价。股票风险源于两个方面。第一种是只有当掌控一个公司资金流转的人,如工人,税务稽查员和债权人的得到他们应得的收益后,最后股东才能得到回报。因此对于股东来说,利润和股息都有很大的不确定性,当经济萧条时二者都有可能亏空。第二种风险是与政府债券相比,股票价格是多变的。自1926年以来,美国的股票投资者承受了超过20%的损失,这种情况持续了七年。政府债券投资者从没遭遇过这样的悲惨时期。
The big question, however, is how large that extra return should be. Here it is important todistinguish between the extra return investors actually achieved for holding equities and the return they expected to achieve when theybought them . Academics started to focus on this problem in themid-1980s when a paper by Rajnish Mehra and Edward Prescott indicated that the ex postreturn of American equity investors had been remarkably high, at around seven percentagepoints a year. It seems unlikely that investors expected to do so well.
然而,最大问题是股票投资者得到的额外收益有多高才合理?区分额外收益投资者实际能从他们所持有的股票得到的回报以及当他们买入股票时期望得到的回报是至关重要的。从20世纪80年代中期学术界就开始关注这个问题。那时Rajnish Mehra 和 Edward Prescott就在论文中指出美国股票投资者的事后估计值总是出奇地高,每年约有7个百分点。似乎投资者预期不可能有这么高。
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