美国进化论生物学家罗伯特特里沃斯在《愚妄人的愚昧》一书中解释道,最狡诈的人通常都意识不到他们在欺骗。用自欺操纵别人,成功更显轻而易举。特别聪明的人可能也会特别善于欺骗自己。
Mining research in biology, neurophysiology, immunology and psychology, Mr Trivers deliversa swift tour of links between deception and evolutionary progress. Some of it is intuitive.The grey squirrel, for example, cleverly builds false caches to discourage others fromraiding its acorns. Placebos are sometimes as effective as medication without the nasty sideeffects. Other illustrations require more head-scratching. Mr Trivers argues that competitionbetween our maternal and paternal genes can create split selves, which try to fool eachother on a biological level. Human memory often involves an unconscious process ofselection and distortion, the better to believe the stories we tell others.
搜寻了生物学,神经生理学,免疫学和心理学的研究后,特里沃斯先生简要说明了欺骗和进化过程间的各种关系。有些关系是天生的。比如,灰松鼠会造假窝,以防止别人偷抢它的橡木果实;安慰剂有时和药一样有效,但却没有令人难受的副作用。其他的例子则相对费解。特里沃斯先生声称,从生物学角度,母体和父体遗传基因间的竞争会引起自我分裂的说法欺骗了大家。人类记忆常常会有一个无意识的选择与扭曲的过程,促使我们相信讲给他人的假话。
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