But what makes the dog-wolf paradigm especially misleading, Mr Bradshaw argues, is thatuntil recently, the studies of wolves were of the wrong wolves in extremely artificialconditions. In the wild, wolf packs tend to be made up of close family members representingup to three generations. The father and mother of the first lot of cubs are the natural leadersof the pack, but the behavioural norm is one of co-operation rather than domination andsubmission. However, the wolves on which biologists founded their conclusions aboutdominance hierarchies were animals living in unnaturally constituted groups in captivity. MrBradshaw says that feral or village dogs, which are much closer to the ancestors of petdogs than they are to wolves, are highly tolerant of one another and organise themselvesentirely differently from either wild or captive wolves.

　　但是，是什么让狗与狼的关系模式误导了大家? Mr Bradshaw 认为问题出在作为研究对象的狼都是眷养在极端人工的环境下，是选错了狼。在野外，狼群都是由关系较近的祖孙三代家庭成员组成，父亲和母亲会自然而然的变成第一代子女幼仔的头狼，但在行为模式上表现的是合作关系而非统治和服从。而让生物学家们得出统治权争夺的结论都是基于那些生活在非自然状态下，被人工眷养的狼群之上的。 Mr Bradshaw 认为，与其说狼是宠物狗的祖先，不如说野狗或土狗才是宠物狗的祖先。因为它们之间更宽容，而且在组群关系上与不管是野生狼群或眷养狼群都相去甚远。

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