扶轮社遏制小儿麻痹症的启发来自天花的根除。和小儿麻痹症一样,天花是一种可以被存活的疫苗简单有效的治理的病毒性疾病。关键是天花像小儿麻痹症一样仅有一个动物寄主:人类。一般而言根除应该是可能的。然而时间证明却是恰恰相反的。
First, unlike smallpox, polio viruses can survive for long periods outside a host-for instance insewage. Second, when the campaign began in earnest there were three main varieties ofpolio, each of which required a specially tailored vaccine. Focusing effort on one of thesestrains often led to the resurgence of another. Third, besides the inevitable difficulties ofworking in places that have poor medical infrastructure, the campaign ran into somespecific human problems. The most notorious of these was the rumour, spread in 2003 bycertain religious leaders in Nigeria, that the vaccine would sterilise girls and was part of anAmerican plot to rid the world of Muslims. This helps explain why polio persists in Nigeria.
第一,与天花不同的是,小儿麻痹症病毒在寄主之外可以长时间的存活例如在下水道。第二,当此项活动开始正儿八经的进展的时候已经存在三类主要的小儿麻痹症,每一类都需要一种特别定做的疫苗。集中对其中一类小儿麻痹症下功夫经常会导致另一类病毒的死灰复燃。第三,除了这些不可避免的医疗设备落后的工作困难之外,此项活动偶尔还会遇到人类问题。其中最臭名昭著的就是在2003年尼日利亚的某一宗教领导人散布的谣言,谣言称疫苗将会使女孩绝育并且是一个消灭世界上伊斯兰教徒的美国阴谋的一部分。这帮助解释了尼日利亚的小儿麻痹症得不到遏制的原因。
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