英国哲学家史蒂芬?凯夫在他对这一问题的调查中指出,关于永生的各种传说都可以归为四类说法。第一种在理论上至少是最简单的:完成中世纪炼金术士的遗愿,即发明一种长生不老药;第二种是复活,即死而复生,这种信仰普遍存在于三个亚拉伯罕宗教中;第三种是人们认为无形的灵魂能够穿越死亡,这种理念的正式形态,至少可以追溯回柏拉图时代。第四种是通过取得成就获得永生,即让自己名垂千古。
For the aspiring undying, Mr Cave unfortunately concludes that immortality is a mirage.But his demolition project is fascinating in its own right. The section on the soul is an ableattack on the related doctrines of vitalism, the soul and mind-body dualismthe intuitiveand still widely held body of ideas that hold that living creatures are animated by some sortof supernatural spark, and that an individuals personality or consciousness can survivedeath. The chapters on resurrection will interest Christians, as Mr Cave examines how theliteral recreation, by God, of dead peoples bodies remains the doctrine of most branches ofChristianity. The idea of ones soul, as opposed to ones body, ending up in heaven or hell isa subsequent embellishment.
对向往长生不老的人而言遗憾的是,凯夫做出了一个结论:永生是种幻想。不过就事论事,他对此的解析的确很吸引人。调查中,关于灵魂的部分对与之相关的生机论教义做了有力的攻击,即灵魂与身心二元论这是一种非常直接,且许多人都相信的思想,他们认为某种超自然的力量赋予了生物生命,一个人的人格及意识能够超越死亡而存在。基督徒会对凯夫探讨复活的章节感兴趣,因为他探讨了上帝重造已死者的肉体这一点是怎样一直做为各基督教派的教义保留下来的。人们认为,一个人的灵魂,不同于其躯体,它终会上天堂或是下地狱,则是在该思想之后才发展出来的一种修饰。
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