The main problem, he argues, is that even nominally capitalist systems have, for better andworse, elements of state control. These often begin with defence and the police, and go onto national transport systems, which leads, in Americas case, to an ever-expandingnetwork of bureaus and agencies. Much of bureaucracy is adopted under the rationale ofenhancing fairness. But, as Mr Meltzer notes, fairness often means providing presentbenefits using debt that must be repaid by taxpayers in the future orthrough regulations and subsidies created by people in government who then go on toexploit them in private-sector jobs .
Meltzer认为主要的问题在于即使是名义上的资本主义系统,无论好坏,统统都是有政府控制成分的。政府控制一般先从国家机器①着手,再扩展到交通运输系统,最后再像美国那样蔓延至不断扩大中的官僚机构网。很多官僚主义是在增强公平的正当理由下得以滋生。但是,Meltzer认为公平通常意味着用债务带来现时效益,但这些债务将来必须由纳税人偿还;或者是通过政府人员制定的规章和津贴带来现时效益,而这些人随后便在私营部门剥削纳税人。
It is this last issue that forms the heart of A Capitalism for the People by Luigi Zingales, aprofessor at the University of Chicagos Booth School of Business. Mr Zingales has written anelegy to the America he found when he moved there 24 years ago from an Italy that wasrife with nepotism. Italian businesses preferred to stay small and discreet. Growing biggermade them vulnerable to scrutiny and would require them to hire people on the basis oftalent rather than loyalty; and loyalty was important because it, once again, helped protectthe firm from scrutiny.
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