One idea has governed dog training for far too long,Mr Bradshaw says. Wolf packs are supposedlydespotic hierarchies dominated by alpha wolves.Dogs are believed to behave in the same way in theirdealings with humans. Thus training a dogeffectively becomes a contest for dominance inwhich there can be only one winner. To achieve thisthe trainer must use a variety of punishmenttechniques to gain the dogs submission to hismastery. Just letting a dog pass through a doorbefore you or stand on the stairs above you is torisk encouraging it to believe that it is getting the upper hand over you and the rest of thehousehold. Mr Bradshaw argues that the theory behind this approach is based on bad andoutdated science.
布拉德肖说,长期以来一种观点指导着狗的驯化。一般认为,狼群内部等级森严,头狼具有绝对领导权,狗在与人类相处时,这一点也与狼相同。于是训狗实际就成了一场领导权的竞争,最后只有一个胜者,要么人胜,要么狗胜。为赢得这场竞争,人类必须用各种惩罚手段使狗对自己服服帖帖。例如,若允许狗在你之前进门或上台阶就会让狗觉得自己可凌驾于你和家人之上。布拉德肖认为这种训狗方式背后的指导思想是过时的谬误理论。
Dogs share 99.6% of the same DNA as wolves. That makes dogs closer to wolves than we areto chimps , but it does not mean thattheir brains work like those of wolves. Indeed, the outgoing affability of most dogs towardshumans and other dogs is in sharp contrast to the mix of fear and aggression with whichwolves react to animals from other packs. Domestication has been a long and complexprocess, Mr Bradshaw writes. Every dog alive today is a product of this transition. What wasonce another one of the wild social canids, the grey wolf, has been altered radically, to thepoint that it has become its own unique animal. If anything, dogs resemble juvenile ratherthan fully adult canids, a sort of arrested development which accounts for the way they remaindependent on their human owners throughout their lives.
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