狗和狼的DNA相似度高达99.6%,这样狗与狼的相似度甚至比人与大猩猩还要高。但这并不意味着狗和狼大脑运作方式相同。实际上,狗对人类和其同类都友好和善,与狼对本群之外的其他动物怀有的恐惧和攻击心理形成鲜明对比。布拉德肖说在书中写道:驯化是一个漫长复杂的过程,如今每一只狗都是这个过程的产物。比如灰狼曾经是一种野外群居犬科动物,现在已经在这个过程中彻底改变,形成了一种新的独特物种。如果说狗与犬科动物确有相似性,那么也只是像未成年而非成年犬科动物。这种类似发育停滞的现象可以解释狗为何一生都如此依赖主人。
But what makes the dog-wolf paradigm especially misleading, Mr Bradshaw argues, is thatuntil recently, the studies of wolves were of the wrong wolves in extremely artificialconditions. In the wild, wolf packs tend to be made up of close family members representing upto three generations. The father and mother of the first lot of cubs are the natural leaders ofthe pack, but the behavioural norm is one of co-operation rather than domination andsubmission. However, the wolves on which biologists founded their conclusions aboutdominance hierarchies were animals living in unnaturally constituted groups in captivity. MrBradshaw says that feral or village dogs, which are much closer to the ancestors of pet dogsthan they are to wolves, are highly tolerant of one another and organise themselves entirelydifferently from either wild or captive wolves.
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