布拉德肖认为,近来某些研究中的狼都是生活在人工色彩极重的环境中的豢养狼,是不可以作为研究对象的,这让狗狼相似理论变得尤其具有误导性。野生狼群常常以数个家庭为单位,祖孙三代共同生活。第一窝狼崽的父母顺理成章地成为狼群领袖,但狼群之内行为模式是以合作为主的,而非统治与服从。然而生物学家关于狼群等级统治的结论是建立在非自然聚合的豢养狼群之上。布拉德肖说: 同狼相比,野狗或者说土狗与如今宠物狗的祖先关系要近得多,野狗个体之间非常宽容,狗群的组织方式与野生和豢养的狼也完全不同。
Dogs are not like nicely brought-up wolves, says theauthor, nor are they much like people despite theirextraordinary ability to enter our lives and ourhearts. This is not to deny that some dogs are veryclever or that they are capable of feeling emotiondeeply. But their intelligence is different from ours.The idea that some dogs can understand as manywords as a two-year-old child is simply wrong and aninappropriate way of trying to measure canineintellect. Rather, their emotional range is morelimited than ours, partly because, with little sense oftime, they are trapped almost entirely in the present. Dogs can experience joy, anxiety andanger. But emotions that demand a capacity for self-reflection, such as guilt or jealousy, arealmost certainly beyond them, contrary to the convictions of many dog owners.
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