At the same time, the demand for educated labour is being reconfigured by technology, in muchthe same way that the demand for agricultural labour was reconfigured in the 19th century andthat for factory labour in the 20th. Computers can not only perform repetitive mental tasksmuch faster than human beings. They can also empower amateurs to do what professionalsonce did: why hire a flesh-and-blood accountant to complete your tax return when Turbotax will do the job at a fraction of the cost? And the variety of jobs thatcomputers can do is multiplying as programmers teach them to deal with tone and linguisticambiguity.
同时,对受教育的劳动力的需求因技术而被重新配置,这与19世纪农业劳动力需求被重新配置以及20世纪工厂劳动力的需求被重新配置大同小异。电脑不仅在重复记忆工作上比人类更加快,而且电脑能使业余者从事原本只有专家才能做的事情:如果 Turbotax能以很低的成本完成纳税申报单的话,为什么还要雇用一个会计来完成这项工作呢?当程序员能够使电脑学会解决语调和语言歧义的问题后,电脑能做的工作种类将倍增。
Several economists, including Paul Krugman, have begun to argue that post-industrial societieswill be characterised not by a relentless rise in demand for the educated but by a greathollowing out, as mid-level jobs are destroyed by smart machines and high-level job growthslows. David Autor, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , points out that themain effect of automation in the computer era is not that it destroys blue-collar jobs but that itdestroys any job that can be reduced to a routine. Alan Blinder, of Princeton University, arguesthat the jobs graduates have traditionally performed are if anything more offshorable thanlow-wage ones. A plumber or lorry-drivers job cannot be outsourced to India. A computerprogrammers can.
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