A college education is getting ever more expensive. Since 1982 tuitions have been rising at roughly twice the rate of inflation. University administrators insist that most of those hikes are matched by increased scholarship grants or loans, but the recession has slashed private endowments and cut into state spending on high-er education. In 2008 the net cost of attending a four-year public -universityafter financial aidequaled 28 percent of median family income, while a four-year private university cost 76 percent of median family income. More and more scholarships are based on merit, not need. Poorer students are not always the best-informed consumers. Often they wind up deeply in debt or simply unable to pay after a year or two and must drop out.

There once was a time when universities took a perverse pride in their attrition rates. Professors would begin the year by saying, Look to the right and look to the left. One of you is not going to be here by the end of the year. But such a Darwinian spirit is beginning to give way as at least a few colleges face up to the graduation gap. At the University of WisconsinMadison, the gap has been roughly halved over the last three years. The university has poured resources into peer counseling to help students from inner-city schools adjust to the rigor and faster pace of a university classroomand also to help minority students overcome the stereotype that they are less qualified. Wisconsin has a laserlike focus on building up student skills in the first three months, according to vice provost Damon Williams.

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