【今日阅读推荐】本篇阅读材料为什么挣扎更好?选自《时代》(原文标题：Why Floundering Is Good 2012.4.25)。如果大家觉得比较简单，就当作泛读材料了解了解，认识几个新单词或新表达方式也不错。如果大家觉得这些材料理解上有难度，不妨当做挑战自己的拔高训练，希望大家都有进步^^

　　Trying to figure something out on your own before getting help actually produces better results than having guidance from the beginning.

　　Call it the learning paradox: the more you struggle and even fail while youre trying to master new information, the better youre likely to recall and apply that information later.

　　The learning paradox is at the heart of productive failure, a phenomenon identified by Manu Kapur, a researcher at the Learning Sciences Lab at the National Institute of Education of Singapore. Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers and employers when introducing others to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on, until the students or workers show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive sense, it may not be the best way to promote learning. Rather, its better to let the neophytes wrestle with the material on their own for a while, refraining from giving them any assistance at the start. In a paper published earlier this year in the Journal of the Learning Sciences, Kapur and a co-author, Katerine Bielaczyc, applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical problem solving in three schools in Singapore.

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