B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was ________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________.
A) doubted B) challenged
C) gave proof to D) agreed to
25. This passage is mainly about ______.
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive(认知学派的)researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
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