12月英语四级考试阅读训练（二）_大学英语阅读

12月英语四级考试阅读训练（二）

　　四级考试已经过去，正在准备四级考试的同学一定要把握好暑假的充裕时间，把四级的基础打好。其中的听力和阅读是最基础的部分，阅读占了总分的35%。下面来做一下阅读部分的训练吧~

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity byencouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.

　　If they know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades.