Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Teaching children to read well from the start is the most important task of elementary schools. But relying on educators to approach this task correctly can be a great mistake. Many schools continue to employ instructional methods that have been proven ineffective. The staying power of the look-say or whole-word method of teaching beginning reading is perhaps the most flagrant example of this failure to instruct effectively.
The whole-word approach to reading stresses the meaning of words over the meaning of letters, thinking over decoding,
developing a sight vocabulary of familiar words over developing the ability to unlock the pronunciation of unfamiliar words.
It fits in with the self-directed, learning how to learn activities recommended by advocates (倡导者)of open
classrooms and with the concept that children have to be developmentally ready to begin reading. Before 1963, no major
publisher put out anything but these Run-Spot-Run readers.
However, in 1955, Rudolf Flesch touched off what has been called the great debate in beginning reading. In his
best-seller Why Johnny Cant Read, Flesch indicted(控诉)the nations public schools for miseducating students by using the look-say method. He said and more scholarly studies by Jeane Chall and Rovert Dykstra later confirmed that another approach to beginning reading, founded on phonics(语音学), is far superior.
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