About 1850, Louis Pasteur began experimenting with tiny living organisms and was able to discover many important things. He proved that yeast plants cause substances to ferment, that bacteria cause milk to sour, and that floating particles in the air contain living germs which cause spoiling and decay.
Soon after Pasteur had announced these discoveries, Joseph Lister proved that wounds were poisoned by germs from the air or from the surgeons instruments used during operations. He proved that if the instruments were perfectly clean or sterile and if antiseptic dressings were used on wounds to prevent the entrance of germs, wounds would heal without decay or blood poisoning. The first antiseptic Lister used was carbolic acid. The wards in the Glasgow infirmary of which Lister had charge were especially affected by gangrene . In a short time they became the healthiest of any known, because he applied his knowledge of antiseptics to the healing of wounds. With some improvements, Listers methods are used today.
Major Laveran was the first to discover that a certain germ was always present in the blood of patients who had malaria. Eight years later, in 1888, Major Ross proved that he found a similar germ in the body of the Anopheles mosquito. Then, by other experiments, it was shown that the germs that cause malaria can be transmitted only by the bite of the mosquito. To prove this, two physicians in London permitted themselves to be bitten by mosquitoes which had previously bitten malarial patients in Italy and ten were shipped in a box to London. In eighteen days after being bitten by these mosquitoes, both physicians developed malarial fever. Soon it was proved that the germs of yellow fever were carried by the Aedes mosquito.
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