Social settlements were established in many cities during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Among the most famous were Jane Addams Hull House founded by Lillian D. Wald in New York City. Hull House and the Henry Street Settlement were not just refuges for the down and out. In these places, men and women first learned to attack in a realistic way the causes of poverty. Here the lust Americanization classes were formed. English was taught to adults, and practical programs were worked out to help foreigners to adjust themselves to the new ways of living in a new land.
Public Efforts Against Poverty.
The New York Commission of 1900 completed an investigation that disclosed the seriousness of the problem of poverty in cities. This commission had been appointed by Theodore Roosevelt while he was governor of New York State. The result of the investigation was the passage of the first tenement law. Under this law tenements must meet certain standards of sanitation, lighting, and ventilation.
Local Organization.
By the twentieth century State Boards of Charity and Correction had been established in most of our states. In an industrial civilization such as ours, the amount of poverty varies from time to time depending upon conditions in industry. The development of the charitable societies in the 1870s and 1880s and the settlement houses during the same period was not proof that the problem was being solved, only that the public was aware of it. The magnitude of the problem also became apparent. Through such organizations as the Family Welfare Organization or Associated Charities, private charitable groups in an area were merged into a single organization so that adequate aid could be provided after careful investigation, for those who were in greatest need. In normal times, this plan worked fairly well, but in times of prolonged depression it was inadequate.
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