Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operasand installmentplans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, role in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the worlds biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazils most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the high life in big cities.

　　Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values-not many children, different attitudes towards sex, women working, says Martine. They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and made people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other values, which were put into a very attractive package.

　　Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to encourage the poor to become consumers. This led to an enormous change in consumption patterns and consumption was incompatiblewith unlimited reproduction, says Martine.

　　31. According to the passage, Brazil has cut back its population growth _________.

　　A) by educating its citizens

　　B) by careful family planning

　　C) by developing TV programmes

　　D) by chance

　　32. According to the passage, many Third World countries _________.

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