英语四级考试阅读30天学习笔记_大学英语阅读

英语四级考试阅读30天学习笔记

　　4.malnutrition 中mal是表示不好的前缀;overnutrition 营养过剩

　　Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work we first relate the effect to the cause and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.

　　注：1.causal 原因的，因果关系的

　　2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要

　　3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读

　　4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列

　　5.本段讲关系链

　　Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugsor an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.