Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent.Concepts of reading have changed ____1____ over the centuries.During the 1950s and 1960s especially, increased attention has been devoted to ____2____ the reading process. ____3____ specialists agree that reading ____4____ a complex organization of higher mental ____5____ , they disagree ____6____ the exact nature of the process.Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, ____7____ reading as simply the decoding of symbolssintosthe sounds they stand ____8____ .
These authorities ____9____ that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process.Others maintain that reading is ____10____ related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without ____11____ their meaning is not truly reading.The reader, ____12____ some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who ____13____ reads.
Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its ____14____ .By some expert they would not be ____15____ as readers.Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use.By the most ____16____ and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to ____17____ the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various ____18____ , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do ____19____ widely and enthusiastically. ____20____ reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.
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