and The Chinese Exclusion Act passed
in 1882, officially testified
to blatant discrimination against
Chinese people. The latter felt
forced to congregate in areas
of big cities, such as San Francisco,
New York, and Boston. Chinatown
soon became part of American
urban vocabulary. It seemed that
the timid Chinese were susceptible
to being pushed around. It appeared
that Chinese and other Oriental immigrants
were not welcome with open arms,
but were welcome only when
hard labour was needed to do
the toughest jobs, especially
in railroad construction and
in the new industries that were
fast developing at the time.
It would be well into
the 20th century before such discriminatory
laws would be suspended.
The Early Twentieth Century
During the second half of
the 19th century, the United States
was preoccupied with a civil war
and a post civil war
industrial revolution. American
foreign policy with China did not
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