4. 冒号(colon)：

　　冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，后面进一步补充说明前面的内容。

　　Eg.1997 passage 3 Q2

　　60. The word pervasive (Line 1,Paragraph 2) might mean ________.

　　[A] widespread [B] overwhelming

　　[C] piercing [D] fashionable

　　We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

　　5.分号(semi-colon)前后是并列关系，包括结构上并列和语义上的并列。

　　For us, this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived. (2000 Passage2)

　　6. 引号(quotation marks)：①引用 ②强调 ③讽刺

　　Eg1 Scientific creationism,which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever thescientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.

　　7. 括号(parentheses ) ①解释说明生词。②补充说明

　　Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alterperception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. (1997，Text 3)

　　9. 破折号(dash)

　　①一个破折号后面起补充说明或评价判断。

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