19. voluntary initiative:initiative 是积极性,主动性,进取心的意思;另外,中东的和平倡议 就叫the Middle East peace initiative;
20. most students who do enter graduate schools are not self-motivated: do enter是动词的强调形式;not self-motivated: 缺乏自我动力;
21. the only thing that counts:就相当于 the only thing that matters; ultimately: 最终地
22. the degree or the diploma which they expect could give them an upper hand against other job seekers:那个他们希冀能够使他们相对于其他求职者略胜一筹的学位或文凭;they expect是插入语,并非是定语从句中的主语与谓语;which才是定语从句中的主语,could give是定语从句中的谓语动词;类似的例子如:This is a book which I hope would be useful to you. could 采用的是虚拟语气,表示与实际并不相符;an upper hand: 优势,上风; job seekers:求职者,就相当于job hunters;
23. as to the actual substance of their graduate studies, its not a big deal: as to就相当于as for, 表示至于. the actual substance: 实际的内容; substance即content; its not a big deal口语与书面语中都很常用,表示并非大事一桩
24. as long as it leads to that degree or diploma:只要它能带来那个学位或文凭即可;as long as是连词,表示只要,引导一个条件状语从句;
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