changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use， diet， exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun， or exposure to carcinogens （致癌物） in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherited.

3　　Cancer treatment can include surgery， radiation therapy， chemotherapy （化疗）， hormone therapy， and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods， depending on the type and location of the cancer， whether the disease has spread， the patients age and general health， and other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues， it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options， weighing the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects.

4　　Having cancer does not always mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer， the extent of the disease， and the patients tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones， organs， or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However， pain can generally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs recommended by the doctor.

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